The Endangered Species Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Endangered Species Act - Essay Example The word â€Å"extinction† even a few decades back was almost non-existent in the dictionary of a common man. The publication of Rachael Carson’s Silent Spring served as a stimulator. The ESA was a result of the realization of the importance of biological diversity and the need to protect the flora and fauna of the country. Prior to this Act a few acts such as the Lacy Act (1900) regulating wild creature trading and the Migratory Bird treaty Act (1918) had been implemented. In 1966, the congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act which was extremely weak and had several loopholes. Following the failure of this Act in 1969, the Endangered Species Conservation Act was passed which added more species to the previous list of endangered species. However there was an overall lack of scientific understanding of extinction and conservation plans. Therefore, to meet the growing demand for an Act which would be both scientific and powerful.Implementation of the succes sful implementation of the several provisions laid down in the ESA requires economic support while the act itself has several economic impacts. Firstly, the cost associated with the protection of a species consisting of critical habitat designation, listing process and implementation of recovery plan runs into several thousands of dollars. Some people are of the opinion that expenditure of millions of dollars on conservation could have been used for public programs. High priority action provisions account for almost $223 million.

Environmental Analysis of Malaysia Airlines

Environmental Analysis of Malaysia Airlines The general environment represents the outer layer of the environment which are international, technological, sociocultural, economic, and the legal-political. The task environment includes all sectors that have a direct working relationship with the organization, customers, competitors, suppliers, and labour. International element is represents the events originating in foreign countries. Technological element includes scientific and technological advancements in a specific industry and society. Sociocultural element represents the demographic characteristics such as norms, customs, and values of the general populations. Economic element is divided into and socialist. Capitalist means the organization will get the entire profit where else socialist means the production own by state or government. The legal political are about the government law and regulations as well as political activities designed to influence company behaviour. Customers are the people who acquire goods and service from the organization. Competitors and client are the other organization from the same industry that provides goods or services to the same set of customers. Supplier is the people who provide raw materials for the organization to provide output. Labour supply is the people in the environment who can be hired to work for the organization and can influence the organization labour markets. Government Agencies are the agency that provide services and monitor compliance through laws and regulations. As mention in the company profile at Hoovers website, Malaysia Airlines serves about 80 destinations on six continents, some via code-sharing, from its hub in Kuala Lumpur. According to an interview (En-Lai Yeoh, Associated Press Writer 2006), Idris Jala quoted that although MAS have many international competitors, the top competitors are among the regional rivals Singapore Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Thai Airways and Gulf Air. Low cost flight was also launch in Malaysia, few years back and named Air Asia. It became MAS local competitor. At first MAS was not really affected as this low cost flight named, Air Asia, only control the local state destination with a very cheap price. Slowly, Air Asia attract customer to fly using its flight. After sometimes, Air Asia launched its destination to outside Malaysia. MAS were affected not only by Air Asia but also other country low cost flight. MAS will face many difficulties if they were to beat the low cost flights pricing range. Malaysian professional and skillful increased and they tend to travel quite frequent which they will seek for the great service with time efficiency offered, especially the successful businessman. In order for MAS to respond to the customer needs, they have send spies to their rival. This is one of the way that MAS can improve their weakness and at the same time to learn their rivals weakness part. By receiving quite a number of awards, many customers were attracted. Idris Jala quoted that the trade secret is MAS must establish the lowest fare, which all international routes will have designated seats matching their competitions lowest fare. Currently MAS has also introduced their low cost flight called Fire Fly. Ticketing system were upgraded that able to monitor ticket prices to match the lowest offered by its competition on similar routes and possibly review its fuel surcharge, Idris Jala added (En-Lai Yeoh, Associated Press Writer 2006). Malaysia Airlines has provided a very friendly website for its own respective customer which is providing the full controlling of the ticket booking system with all the details such as number of passengers, destination and so on to the very specific details. Malaysia Airlines has some such as partners with Malaysia-based Maxis Communications Berhad and UK-based AeroMobile Limited to offer in-flight mobile services such as voice calls, SMS, emails services to Maxis post-paid customers. The rest of the facilities and services are the same as the other airlines like for in cabin services like providing the international meals as well as local food for Malaysians or Entertainment systems for watching Movie or playing games and also checking the status of the flight. The airline provided the customers insurance during the flight hours in case if anything happened to the customers they will be responsible for it . And passengers can only carrying 30 KG for their luggage. Malaysia airline has been provided such a facility that if the customers accidently miss the flight they can just simple take the next possible flight. But sometimes customers need to pay some amounts to join the next flight and its all depends on the type of tickets that they purchased. Sometimes for Malaysia Airlines ticket discounts will be. those few months before your travel tickets are purchased. And discounts for students that is considered. such as GRADS the frequent flyer card for students. This card has local and international students. That students can use this card costs less to have their flights. In the recent years, Malaysian Airlines (MAS) has been continuously improving their services with accordance to the rise in social network as well as smartphone users. New applications such as MHmobile, MHdeals, and MHbuddy complement each other to draw better publicity along with a good flow of business. A user-friendlier navigation following the websites makeover has served no less. Existing yet innovative technology such as the Select in-flight entertainment system has also given MAS an extra edge over their competitors. REFERENCES 1. Malaysian Airlines (2011) Malaysia Airlines Launches Going Places iPad App Investor Relations: News. http://malaysiaairlines.listedcompany.com/newsroom.html [Accessed 23 February 2011] 2. Malaysian Airlines (2011) Refreshed Mas Website To Enhance Customer Experience Investor Relations: News. http://malaysiaairlines.listedcompany.com/newsroom.html [Accessed 23 February 2011] 3. SITA (2011) Malaysia Airlines adopts SITA reservations system as turnaround enters new phase SITA: Specialists in air transport communications and IT solutions. http://www.sita.aero/news-events/press-room/press-releases [Accessed 23 February 2011] 4. Luxury Travel Source (2011) Malaysian Airline Airfares from Luxury Travel Source Luxury Travel Source: Discount Travel Company offering Business Class Airfare tickets for Destinations worldwide. http://www.luxurytravelsource.com/airlines/malaysia_airlines.html [Accessed 24 March 2011] 5. Malaysian Airline System Berhad (10601-W) (2009). 2009 Annual Report: Investing in Growth. Subang Jaya, KL: Malaysia Airlines System. 6.

Super Athletes :: Essays Papers

Super Athletes In the last ten years there has been a drastic change in professional athletics. Players are coming out of college much bigger, faster, and stronger than players of the past. When players reach the High School level of sports it is forced upon them that their sport is twelve months long, and it is basically a job. Players are expected to run and condition, as well as lift weights every day in the off-season. Players training so hard and so much they come out of college fully matured and developed. Jevone Kearse of the Tennessee Titans was given the nickname, â€Å"The Freak, due to his massive size, amazing speed, and phenomenal strength his rookie year in the NFL. Players are much bigger than they were twenty years ago. In 1979 the NFL's heaviest offensive lineman, Max Montoya of the Bengals, weighed 285 pounds. At the NFL scouting combine in February, 48 of 53 offensive linemen weighed more than 300 pounds (Oehser 2). The receivers are still fast, and the fastest guys these days are generally as fast as they were then. The difference is in who is running these speeds. As an example former Cowboys wide receiver and Olympic gold-medal sprinter Bob Hayes, ran a 4.4 forty yard dash, and he weighed 185 pounds. Jevon Kearse is 30 pounds heavier and he runs only 3/10 of a second slower in his forty yard dash (Oehser 2). Athletes are driven by a fierce competitiveness to achieve at the highest levels. Athletes in professional sports getting bigger, faster, and stronger, has led to drastic changes in the entire world of sports. More frequent and severe injuries are occurring, which is leading to changes in rules, and proposed changes for current rules. Equipment has also changed along with demands according to the physique of the players. Some have proposed changes in size and dimensions of the playing field in both the NHL and NBA. As players continue to get bigger, stronger and faster, the collisions between them cause more and more serious injuries. In the first four weeks of play in the NFL in 2001 there were 22 serious injuries, with five cases resulting in broken bones, eleven players tearing ligaments in their knees, and six severe sprains (King 106). With bone shattering collisions due to increased player speed and size, leagues have been forced to change rules and policies on hitting and contact between players.

Microsoft Corporation’s Strategy Essay

1. Executive Summary Microsoft is a computer business company. It is famous for software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office suite, and Internet Explorer web browser. It is the world’s largest software maker measured by revenues. Also Microsoft has a new development strategy in  recent year which approaching to smart-phone industry. Microsoft built on the partnership with Nokia since 2011, and the significantly increasing success of Nokia’s Lumia smart-phones. Microsoft’s purpose is to use the acceleration growth of its share and profit in mobile devices through the speed innovation, addition synergies and centralized brand and market. At that period for Nokia, this transaction was significantly accretive to earnings, strengthen its financial position, and provide a solid basis for investment in its continuing businesses. This acquisition will promote competition, Microsoft offer competitive alternatives to Google and Apple which helped by integration of hardware and software. Also, Microsoft gains proven ability which from key personnel to success in devices and services, it remains committed to working with partners in the windows & windows phone ecosystems. Moreover, the acquisition can benefit consumers, it has pulled down Microsoft’s devices and services costs from development through the market and by gaining cost savings from Nokia’s. 2. Introduction Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational company, and its mission statement is use human diversity and inclusive of ideas and solutions to satisfy the needs of its increasingly global and and diversification consumer base . Microsoft get into the smart-phone market would be a big step for it to develop more for its business, that is one of the reasons that purchasing Nokia in 2013. Microsoft’s acquired Nokia on 3rd September 2013; and announced that to used approximately $ 7.2 billion to purchase almost all of Nokia’s mobile phone business which spent $ 5 billion on equipment and service departments, also paid $ 2.1 billion for related patent. This report aims to analyze the strategy of Microsoft acquisition of Nokia which included SWOT, also the analysis of PESTLE and five forces of the strategy, then finally would be the Value chain, the recommendation of its strategy and retaliation of competition. SWOT analyzes that after changed the strategy how to affect Microsoft as a good and bad way, also how it inspires more chances to develop the business, and any risk from this strategy. It shows that electronic product industry competed in the firm. Secondly, the report explains the reason of Microsoft has to change strategy by political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal, all  those factors show that when strategy changed by Microsoft. Thirdly, this report will talk about Nokia entered into Microsoft is the strategic change the business by using five forces; it explains the current rivals and potential new entrants in the industry with the businesses change in strategy. Also, with the value chain, the original Nokia’s technique skills have changed the organization and competencies. Finally, this report will talk about the future of this company development, it will tell core competence and innovation strategies are most likely to improve its absolute and relative performance in the next 3 to 5 years. With those analyses, this report will explain the details of this strategy from Microsoft, and both advantages and disadvantages by usi ng this strategy for its future business. 3. The Environment Analysis With technology great development, Apple’s produce iPhone and products to cater the market as Google’s does have Android to compete in. Thurs made a decision with Microsoft acquired Nokia in 2013. 3.1 SWOT Analysis 3.1.1 Strengths Microsoft and Nokia’s huge influence in the world Microsoft Corporation is world leader of personal computer software development; also it currently is the world’s largest provider of computer software. At the same time, according to Steve Ballmer Microsoft Chief Executive (2013), Microsoft’s Windows occupy 91.49% sharing of the global PC operation system. Nokia has had powerful hardware design concept and abilities of manufacturing, also Nokia’s Lumia occupied approximately 82% of the market. So, acquisition of Nokia was a great record for Microsoft’s corporate strategy. Brand loyalty Microsoft has been managing operation systems and software provider, it establishes over 90 % of the PC operation system’s market share. Most of people grew up with Microsoft’s operating system because of the easy manipulating and will use continually, there are not much brands can compete with it for those reasons. Even open source operating system; it is totally  free, suits ordinary users. Profits of the mobile phone market Profit is a big principle of Microsoft’s acquisition of Nokia. According to the US technology blog estimating, Microsoft earned 10 US dollars gross profit from each Lumia phone, but after the acquisition, the gross profit of Lumia has increased to over 40 US dollars, which mean that Microsoft can recover the cost of acquisition of Nokia with 25 million Lumia phones be sold. 3.1.2 Weaknesses Saturated Market Microsoft approached too late to the smart-phone’s market, it has already saturated when Microsoft stepped into. Most of the market shares have been taken by Apple and Android. According to Bamburic (2013), in 2013, Window Mobile only occupied 2.9 % from the smart-phone market share, it is a bad record which compare with Apple’s 18.2 % and Android’s 74.4 %. Innovate slowly Microsoft is difficult to ask people to accept the whole system moved to a smart-phone operating in a short period. Although consumers have not totally approved Window Mobile, Microsoft still updates the mobile system slowly. 3.1.3 Opportunities Offer Option Android occupies most of the market share of smart-phone, however the loyalty of Android’s users are unstable, also Apple’s products are too expensive for consumers, with no more choice for mobile system, Window mobile get a chance to attract those customers. Functional With the developing Information Technology, people see mobile as a necessity, and mobile phone is not just a communication tool, consumers concern about the multi-function and the brand of mobile phone. 3.1.4 Threats Substitutive The threat of substitutive, same level of smart-phone will be the greatest  substitutive of Microsoft, such as Samsung, LG, Sony; developed technology and internet, net communication also are the substitutive, such as E-mail, MSN, Skype. Limited Creative & Cost The creative abilities of the whole industry are declining as Apple or Samsung. With the quick developed in these years, systems and function are getting homogeneous. This is the same problem for the whole industry. Moreover, with the developing creative function, cost also is a main element to win the competition which how to spend less to do more. 3.2 PESTLE Analysis Macro environmental influences on Microsoft are summarized with in following six categories to identify the key drivers for change. 3.2.1 Political The US government concerns the investment in high-tech industries and supports the development of high-tech enterprises which made the Mobile Enterprises starting the patent competition. Mobile manufacturers defray a large proportion of cost by the strict US patent system. Also America has the most complete and strict for mergers and acquisitions law. 3.2.2 Economic America’s tertiary industry occupied for about 78 % of GDP, which the contribution of high-tech owned the most, the technology is crucial for the US which is the power source of economic development. The global economic crisis of 2008 caused a huge blow to the world economy, under the impact of the economic crisis, Nokia’s share price fell sharply which just made a great offer for Microsoft to purchase as a low cost. 3.2.3 Social With the development of the information age, people rely on mobile phones increasingly. By changing the concept of value as people’s lives changed as well, people do not see mobile as a communication tool at all, they attach importance to the multi-function and brand of the products. Consumers’ brand awareness is getting stronger when they are selecting mobile phone.  Smart-phones are no longer for teenage only, it turns to be public goods for everyone. With the smart-phone fashion rising, mobile phones have become a symbol of renewal as a consumer, so the mobile phone market is very considerable. 3.2.4 Technological Walking in front of others is the only way to survive in the high-tech field and the fierce market competition. High-tech products have rapid upgraded and short life cycle, it inspires higher requires to enterprises’ special application software and ability of continuing to update the hardware configuration. Nokia as a former mobile phone giant obviously hold numerous patents, specialized technical personnel and technical reserves the phone which is an advantage to help Microsoft to develop on smart-phone industry. 3.2.5 Legal Microsoft corporate supervised by laws, and it followed the laws which contain Labor law, intellectual property and the tax regime. 3.2.6 Environmental Microsoft is an ecofriendly company, it is green IT and the company request customers to recycle the product which are used. 3.3 Five forces 3.3.1 Existing Competitions With fierce competition in the electronics industry, Microsoft’s mobile is facing every kind of problems in development, smart-phone’s challenged from Apple and Google, also there has problems with products, research and development, marketing strategy and enterprise development strategy. Microsoft needs to plan its strategy as an â€Å"universal key† to open each locks. 3.3.2 Threat of New Entrant New entrant is a threat of Microsoft. HP (Hewlett-Packard) purchased Palm mobile firm in 2010, HP was a global information technology company, main business focused on printers, computer and software. HP is just one of the new entrant, most of the famous computer industries involve as well, such as  Lenovo, Dell. They have stable trust on consumers and market in society, now they invade to mobile phone industry which is a serious threat for Microsoft. 3.3.3 Threat of Substitutes With development of information technology and continuous improvement of people’s living standards, network, iPod and even digital cameras are more popular to substitute with phones by more functional and professional. As a result, the substitutive has a certain threat to Microsoft. 3.3.4 Power of Buyers The products’ quality and quantity depends on the power of buyers. Nokia’s technique could not satisfy buyers enough to buy their products because of the lower level in the smart-phone market which cause buyers’ bargaining power are getting stronger. But Microsoft has good reputation and well system, after the acquisition of Nokia, it increases buyers’ confident of products which successfully reduce the bargaining power from buyers and raised profits. 3.3.5 Power of Suppliers Mobile phone suppliers had great competition before 2010, so enterprises picked very seriously of their suppliers which caused a low bargaining power in the market. After 2010, Apple’s products sold well and had significantly outstanding result which leaded to other enterprises’ profit sharply dropped down; also suppliers got reduced by them at the same time. So Microsoft purchased Nokia at the right timing which earns a good bargaining power. 4. The Value Chain According to Walters (2007), Microsoft knew that the company should have an efficient value chain and offering the customer great value with its products. People would discover that Microsoft’s value chain is completely integrated to crop-net which is their information technology infrastructure network. The management of central control and efficiency are brought by the integration with their technical capabilities, it allows them to use the minimum effort and minimum mistakes at the right time to make a right  decision, thus value increased when cost saving. Microsoft provides software to them is minimal for need of logistics, because they can send the software through internet to the local agents. They also do customer services and maintenance by information technology, and they have to recruit, support, market, maintain, interview, finance, customer service, deliver, consult, advertise for the network. The development of technology is interior, there have the cost benefits of development and maintaining technology of value chain for compared to competitors. According to Johnson (2011), Porter’s Value Chain Model, margin has significantly increased after the Microsoft acquisition of Nokia. For the primary value chain activities, the inbound logistics of Microsoft allows Nokia to provide equipment, also the marketing and sale of Microsoft has many advertising platform that can increase publicity and sales. Procurement area is an important part of the cooperation between Microsoft and Nokia. This development must source raw materials for the business and obtain the best price for doing so. The challenge for procurement is to obtain the best possible quality available on the market for their budget. At the same time, purchasing inputs that means it buys product cheaper from suppliers. Because of Microsoft’s core competence is the system software; the development of mobile phone hardware is not completed. On the other hand, Nokia’s core competence has the good hardware system and stable suppliers’ source, so this result is becoming a win-win for both companies which reach the cost efficiency. Microsoft can directly use Nokia’s equipment to sell and reduce the costs, also it improves the margin. Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows that after Microsoft got the Nokia, both of them operating margin profit and market value increased. In summary, Value chain model defines the cost advantage after Microsoft acquisition of Nokia; it achieves cost efficiency and associated with core competencies and capabilities in order to perform them better than do competitors. 5. Retaliation of Competitors Facing acquisition of Nokia, current rivals and potential new entrants in mobile market which are Google, Apple and HP should do something to deal with this Microsoft’s corporate-level strategy. As Burrows comment that Google and Apple did the same thing which is advertise their products. For  example, Google-operated retail Web site, use â€Å"Web meets phone† as a statement for introducing. In terms of the five force, existing competitions will make a plan for strategic change form same industry, so new entrants does. 6. Recommendation Mobile space could be one of the serious problems for Microsoft in recent years. Windows Mobile platform is still dominated by innovative in market, such as Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android operating system. The plan of Microsoft to compete with those providers this year would be releasing Window Phone 7, although it is little bit late to the smart-phone market, Microsoft realizes what consumers really needed, and Window Phone 7 will be the best explanation in the next 3 to 5 years. Innovation has been a big issue for Microsoft, Windows is a special case as an innovative product when it first released, but Microsoft did not provide anything that even matching the innovation. Because of the competitors have developed more creative products, all companies want to be the main competitor in the high-tech space. Innovation is the most necessary element in the smart-phone market which Microsoft has to improve. 7. Conclusion Microsoft’s acquisition of Nokia is opportunities as well as challenges. As the analysis of opportunities and threats with Microsoft’s mobile phone business, for Microsoft entered lately to the mobile market and the decline of the old mobile phone giant Nokia, how to achieve the advantage complementary through the merger of both sides, Microsoft has to put smart-phone system and PC operation system together as soon as possible to achieve the great new innovations of smart-phone. Microsoft has to be originality of mobile system for its business, it will be the big step for Microsoft to be success. Microsoft has been the dominant PC computer software manufacturer over years, but now the sales growth of the PC has slowed sharply because of consumers have been the turning to smart-phones and tablets. The sales of PC’s expectation was 409 million units in 2011, it was a 15.9 % increased which lower than 18.1 % the previous estimate of the company. According to Research director of Gartner Ranjit Atwal (2013), this  result reflects the weakening of consumer demand, the recent increase in shipment is expected to decline, increasing consumer interested in the iPad and other tablet PCs are the main factors leading to rising slowing sales growth of the PC in the long run. As Lomas comment that (2013), in the future of 2014, tablet will replace PC for over 10 % of sales, Microsoft and Intel believe that Windows software could attract a variety of users by the touch features, especially business users, and it inspires the development of Windows Tablet PC, touch-screen laptop and their products. Technology is the most influencing Macro environmental factor by the PESTEL analysis. Microsoft strategy through Bowman’s clock as an explanation which both bases of differentiation and intended strategy for low price are detailed. Value chain diagnose the capabilities of the strategy as a tool, it proves that Microsoft strategy align ed well from this completed core. Also Microsoft had the abilities to resource the strategies by man power, technology, funds and information to win the position in the market. 8. Bibliography Ali-Yrkkà ¶,J., Kalm,M., Pajarinen, P., Rouvinen, P., Seppala, T. and Tahvanainen, A.(2013). Microsoft Acquires Nokia: Implications for the Two Companies and Finland. ETLA Brief [Online] Available From: http://www.industriall-europe.org/Sectors/ICT/2013/ETLA-Nokia-%20MS-Muistio-Brief-16.pdf. [Accessed: 3rd September 2013] Blandford, R. (2013). Why did Microsoft acquire Nokia’s Devices & Services business? [Online] Available From: http://allaboutwindowsphone.com/features/item/18293_Why_did_Microsoft_acquire_Noki.php. [Accessed: 3rd September 2013] Bamburic, M. (2013). What we know about Windows Phone 8.1 so far? [Online] Available From:http://support.techlogic.net/index.php?/News/List/Index/134. [Accessed: 28th February 2014] Burrows, P.(2010). Apple vs. Google. Businessweek. [Online] Available From: http://cecs5580.pbworks.com/f/businessweek+Apple+vs+Google.pdf. [Accessed: 14th January 2010] BBC News. Microsoft to buy Nokia’s mobile phone unit.. [Online] Available From: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23940171. [Accessed: 3rd September 2013] BBC News. Microsoft-Nokia deal: Analyst reaction.. [Online] Available From: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23945652. [Accessed: 3rd September 2013] CNET News. Microsoft to acquire Nokia’s device and services division. [Online] Available From: http://news.cnet.com/8301-10805_3-57601025-75/microsoft-to-acquire-nokias-device-and-services-division/. [Accessed: 2nd September 2013] Guy, A. (2011). Entrepreneurship and the value chain: Importance, risks and suggestions. Advances in Management. 4(6). Pp.63-65. Johnson, G., Scholes, K., and Whittington, R. (2011). Exploring Corporate Strategy. FT Prentice Hall. Harlow. Lomas, N. (2013). Tablets To Grow 53.4% This Year, Says Gartner, As The Traditional PC declines 11.2%. [Online] Available From: http://techcrunch.com/2013/10/21/tablets-vs-pcs/. [Accessed: 21th October 2013] Microsoft Corporation. (2104).Company profile. [Online] Available From: http://finance.yahoo.com/q/co?s=MSFT+Competitors Microsoft to acquire Nokia’s devices & services business, license Nokia’s patents and mapping services. [Online] Available From: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2013/sep13/09-02announcementpr.aspx. [Accessed: 3rd September 2013] Ovide,S. (2013). Deal Is Easy Part for Microsoft and Nokia. [Online] Available From: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB100014241278873244324045790521127313496

Mobile Query and Processing in Mobile Database Environment

MOBILE QUERY AND PROCESSING IN MOBILE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT Agustinus Borgy Waluyo1 1 Bala Srinivasan1 David Taniar2 School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Monash University, Australia {Agustinus. Borgy. Waluyo, Bala. Srinivasan}@infotech. monash. edu. au. 2 School of Business Systems, Monash University, Australia David. [email  protected] monash. edu. au Abstract Mobile database is a new context of database application in wireless environment. It introduces unique type of queries, and query-processing strategies that are different to traditional databases. We classify mobile database query into two categories, especially context-awareness query and adhoc query. Context-awareness query is further classified into location dependent, context dependent, and hybrid query. As for the query processing, we define three strategies namely mobile client, on air, and server strategy. Mobile client and on air strategy relates to caching strategy and broadcast strategy respectively. Finally, we include some challenges in mobile databases. 1. Introduction Recent advances in wireless technology have led to mobile computing, a new dimension in data communication and processing. Many predict a new emerging, gigantic market with millions of mobile users carrying small, battery-powered terminal equipped with wireless connection [1,2,10]. The mobile computing environment provides database applications with useful aspects of wireless technology, which is known as mobile databases. This advance technology has created a new age of nomadic database users. Basically, these users are simply accessing a database through a network. However, the network is now applied in wireless environment, and has several novel properties, which include user’s locations are constantly changing, the likelihood of losing connections is much greater than in a traditional network, and asymmetric communication environment in which the wireless bandwidth for uplink communication is smaller than downlink communication [11]. In general, mobile user communicates with a Mobile Base Station (MBS) to carry out any activities such as transaction and information retrieval. MBS has a wireless interface to establish communication with mobile client and it serves a large number of mobile users in a specific region called cell. In mobile environment architecture, each MBS is connected to a fixed network as illustrated in Figure 1(a). Mobile units or mobile clients in each cell can connect to the fixed network via wireless radio, wireless Local Area Network (LAN), wireless cellular, or satellite. Each of the wireless networks provides a different bandwidth capacity. However, the wireless bandwidth is too small as compared to the fixed network such as ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) can provide speed up to 155Mbps [7]. 55 Wireless Network Mobile Base Station Mobile Base Station Wireless Network High speed Wired Network Fixed Host Fixed Host Crossing Crossing Mobile Client Query Query Processing Strategy Data Repository Query Result 2 Mobile Base Station Mobile Base Station Query Taxonomy = Mobile Client = Wireless Network 1 (a) Mobile Environment Architecture (b) Query Application in Mobile Environment Figure 1. Mobile Environment Architecture and Query Processing Figure 1(b) depicts the query processing in mobile databases. Mobile client initiates a query, and retrieve the data from data repository. The data repository is available in the fixed network. The query is transmitted through wireless channel, and the result is obtained using certain query processing strategies. As can be seen in Figure 1b, a sign of number 1, and 2, which is attached in query taxonomy, and query processing strategy respectively, correspond to the main content of this paper. Driven by differences between wired and wireless environment results in differences of type of queries, query processing mechanisms as well as communication technology. It is the aim of this paper to provide comprehensive query taxonomy, and processing strategy in mobile databases. Figure 2 shows a detailed structure of this paper. Subsequent sections in this paper are organized as follows. Section 2 describes query taxonomy in mobile databases. Section 3 contains the query processing strategies, and section 4 discusses some challenges in mobile databases. Finally, section 5 concludes the paper. In this paper, the term mobile client, mobile device, mobile user, user and client are used interchangeably Location D ependent Q ueries C ontext Aw areness Taxonomy C ontext D ependent Q ueries Hybrid Q ueries A d Hoc Q ueries M obile Q uery and Processing M obile C lient Processing Strategy O n Air Server Figure 2. Structure of Paper 56 2. Query Taxonomy In this section, we classify type of queries in mobile databases. The queries can be entirely new and specifically applied in the wireless environment, while the other can be a common type of query in traditional databases. 2. Context Awareness The word ‘context’ implies a variety of aspects. [14] defines the word context into three categories namely computing context, user context, and physical context. Computing context relates to computing resources such as network connectivity, bandwidth, printer, and workstations. User context associates with user’s needs, preferences, roles, profile, and alike. Physical co ntext involves environment issue, which include lighting, noise, traffic, temperature, and humidity. [5] adds another category of context called ‘time context’, which refers to time of a day, week, month, year, etc. 6] defines context as either the aspect of physical world or condition and activities in the virtual world. It is further described that context information can either be transient when the context associates with the environment at a point of time or persistent when the context involves a history of transient context. In simple words, we can always define that context relates to who, when, where, and what. Context awareness creates a new class of applications in mobile computing. With context awareness, mobile device is expected to adapt constantly in a wide range of dynamically and continually changing situations. It is important for the device to be able to aware of the situation, environment, and tasks that the mobile client is performing as well as will be performing in the near future. The utilisation of context information in an application minimises the amount of user involvement in a service by providing related information. Having known the context of the query enables the device to pre-fetch all data that is highly related and likely to be queried in the near future. With this query, client only initiates a single request and all related data will be retrieved implicitly. This technique avoids client to have multiple request that result in energy efficiency. Example: To find restaurants information in current region. The query will result of retrieving restaurants based on user’s preferences such as Italian, Chinese or fast food as well as pre-fetching maps, traffic and weather condition, which is likely to be queried next. Most applications have been focusing on location awareness rather than context awareness as a whole. Thus, we classify mobile database queries into location dependent queries, context dependent queries, and the combination thereof. 2. 1. Location Dependent Queries Location dependent query is a class of queries that are motivated by mobile clients. In this type of query, the location of the mobile client is a parameter of the query. The value of the location parameter can be provided by the client or a global positioning system (GPS). An example of this query is a traveler’s information system that provides information on hotels, restaurant, bars and the like, to motorists. Processing of queries must be based on knowledge of the user’s location. For queries services that are ahead of the current route, direction of motion and speed are necessary to be taken into account. Recent technology provides a new feature in automobiles, which offers 57 navigational aids as a built-in feature. In general, each location updates generate two direct costs, particularly transmission cost, which refers to the cost to inform the server of the new location, and server processing cost, which corresponds to the cost of updating the system containing the location of the mobile unit. The location parameter can be in any objects, such as taxis, trucks, and helicopters. This class of query can be further classified into two categories: (i) Continuous query, and (ii) On-demand query. Continuous query The continuous type of query includes real-time monitoring of mobile objects. This is different compared with conventional queries, which are based on an instant of the database at some moment in time. Real-time monitoring queries are continuous for monitoring purposes [3, 13]. Examples: (i) To request information about nearby tourist attractions, hotels, or shopping center while traveling. With this type of query, users only need to send a query once and notification of the updated information about nearby tourist attractions, hotels, or shopping center will be sent automatically as they move to different regions. ii) This query also helps tourists whenever they are close to a certain situation such as dangerous zone or traffic jam by providing some alerts to mobile user. Figure 3 shows an illustration of real-time query monitoring. In this application, the system must be able to provide the accurate query results and update them in real time whenever some mobile cl ients enters or exits the region defined by the query. This class of query can be referred as range-monitoring queries. The range-monitoring queries are removed from the system only when the user explicitly ends the query. Server End Query Query i Response i New Region Updated response i Region 1 Mobile Client 1 Moves to Region 2 Mobile Client 1 Figure 3. Continuous Query On demand query The on demand location dependent query is different from continuous query in a way that its database management does not manage the query but only the location of each mobile units in specified regions. Figure 4 illustrates on demand query. Every mobile unit is registered under one location server that manages the user profiles and is called the home location server. Location information of mobile clients can be stored at predefined sites like the user’s home location server in a network. Consequently, the search space for a user’s location can be reduced. However, when a mobile user crosses any boundaries of a cell, the information at the predefined site has to be updated accordingly. This type of query does not have to specify when to end the query since the server does not keep the query but the location [12]. Examples: To retrieve nearby hospital, police station or petrol station in the area. 58 Server Q uery i R esponse i Q uery j R esponse j Region 1 M obile C lien t 1 M oves to Region 2 M obile C lien t 1 Figure 4. On Demand Query When the parameter is an object, and mobile client requests an object that satisfies location criteria, then the situation becomes different. Figure 5 illustrates on demand query with location object parameter [8,15]. Examples: (i) Taxi operator wants to see how many free taxis are currently in a certain region. They can find free taxis and allocate them to another region that require more taxis or send them directly to the nearby customer. (ii) Tourists who come to the country, where there are no designated bus’ stops, nor timetable. They can utilize mobile device to retrieve incoming buses within a pre-defined time. Server Object Query Object Result Location Tracking Location Info Mobile Client Object Figure 5. On Demand Query with Location Object Parameter 2. 1. 2 Context Dependent Queries This type of query requires maintenance of an internal representation of user’s needs, preferences, roles, profile, etc. With these parameters, application will be able to decide the situation and task that a user is currently performing, and adapt to change of user needs and roles. This enables mobile device not to just retrieve the required information but also some other information that is highly relevant [6,8]. Examples: (i) Tourist wants to see list of restaurants in a town. Rather than retrieving the entire list of restaurants, the query retrieves the restaurants based on user’s preferences and need such as cuisine preference, price, occasion, etc. (ii) A business person wants to check the closest meeting schedule. The query retrieves the time as well as previous history of the meeting, people involved, client accounts, meal preferences, required data, etc. 9 2. 1. 3 Hybrid Queries Hybrid queries represent a combination of location dependent and context dependent queries. This type of query requires the system to maintain all parameters of context-awareness queries including location parameter. Examples: (i) A Traveler wants to find restaurants in the region that he/she will enjoy and within 10 minutes of current travel distance, (ii) A teenager wa nts to check movies in the nearby cinemas that he/she will like, and the show time can be met while considering current travel distance. These queries are very useful for nomadic users since it not only considers the users’ preferences and needs but also the location of the user. More sophisticated application utilizes a variety of sensors to monitor the environment as well as user’s action in order to provide assistance of the tasks being performed by the user. This application requires the ability to process data streams in real-time, analyze and interpret it precisely. The main point in context awareness query is to accurately analyze the environment and user’s intention, regardless of where the context information is obtained from. It is a difficult challenge since there is a possibility of conflicting data, and the need to have efficient processing to provide a useful application to the user. 2. 2 Ad Hoc Queries Ad Hoc queries are commonly utilised queries in traditional DBMS. This type of query explicitly mentions the required information in the query statement, and does not involve any context awareness information. Thus, the query result is only based on the actual query itself. Examples: (i) University student wants to retrieve his/her academic record or personal details. ii) Travelling sales person inquires about product availability, price, etc. 3. Query Processing Strategy We divide query-processing strategy for mobile databases into three parts, namely: (i) mobile/client strategy, (ii) on-air strategy and, (iii) server strategy. Mobile/clients strategy relates to how client manipulates and maintains the data in its cache efficiently and effectively. On-air strategy corresponds to data broadcasting stra tegies. With this strategy, the number of mobile users does not affect the query performance. Server strategy relates to designing techniques for the server to accommodate multiple requests so that the request can be processed as efficiently as possible. We claim that query processing for mobile databases is very much centered around the issues of caching, broadcasting, and scheduling. Figure 6 shows the architecture of query processing in mobile databases. 60 C Strategies lient OA n ir Strategies Server Strategies Figure 6. Query Processing in Mobile databases 3. 1 Mobile Client Strategy Mobile client’s strategy defines a number of strategies to maintain cached data items in clients’ local storage. As stated earlier, wireless communication channel in general suffers to narrow bandwidth while it is also inherently asymmetric communication, in which the downstream communication bandwidth from a server to the mobile client is much larger than the upstream communication bandwidth from clients back to server. Due to the above reason, caching of frequently accessed data items in a client’s local storage becomes important for enhancing the performance and data availability of data access queries. Another advantage of caching is the ability to handle fault tolerance. This is related to the characteristics of mobile computing in which each mobile client connects or disconnects from the network frequently. In some situation, the MBS may not be accessible due to problem like signal distortion. However, a query can still be partially processed from caches and at least some of the query results can be returned to the user [9]. Three main issues characterize a caching mechanism. These issues include caching granularity, caching coherence strategy, and caching replacement policy. Caching granularity relates to determining a physical form of cached data items. Caching coherence strategy or invalidation strategy involves cache invalidation and update schemes to invalidate and update an out-dated cached item [4]. Caching replacement policy is needed to retain the frequently accessed database items in a client’s local storage. The more effective a caching replacement policy in keeping the frequently accessed items, the better a query will perform and the more queries could be served during disconnection situation. 3. On Air Strategy In this scheme, the server periodically broadcasts the frequently accessed data items to clients through one or more broadcast channels, but the clients may not cache the data item of interest. This situation might occur when the client does not have enough memory or space to cache the required data. The behavior of this channel is unidirectional which means the server disseminates a set of data periodically, via this type of c hannel to a multiple number of users. A complete broadcast file is referred as a broadcast cycle. In this scheme, the client needs to listen to channel and filter the required data over the channel, which is also generally known as push-mechanism. Figure 7 shows on air query processing. 61 The advantage of broadcasting channel is its scalability. The number of users in the cell and the request rate do not affect the performance of the server. Thus, the utilization of bandwidth is better and the server workload is lower as compared with point to point/on-demand communication. Consequently, the power utilization of the client to retrieve information is also improved. However, it is very important to have good strategies to maintain the overall response time of the client to obtain information from the channel or else the advantages of data broadcast will be diminished. B ro ad cast C h an n el = listen in g to th e chan n el = retriev in g th e d esired data M o bile C lie nt Figure 7. On Air Query Processing 3. 3 Server Strategy This strategy considers the problem of pull-based broadcast scheduling where mobile clients send queries to the server through dedicated or point-to-point channel, server process the query, and send the result back to the client. The strategy concerns with broadcast and disk scheduling. Broadcast scheduling is to determine how queries to be served efficiently in the server considering a number of factors such as the length of the query, the wait time and the popularity of the items. Data scheduling is related to how data is placed on the disk that improves the query response time. The possibility of combining these two methods for query processing strategy is an interesting issue to be explored. B road cast server C ach e S erver D isk S erver T r a n sm itte r S erver Figure 8. Broadcast Server Architecture A database server is able to enhance the data retrieval performance by incorporating its own main memory and cache to store those database items frequently accessed by most mobile clients. Figure 62 8 shows architecture of broadcast server. A query can be processed either in the disk server or cache server. If the relevant data items have been retrieved earlier then the query is processed in the cache server. After processing a query, the results are transmitted to the transmitter queue, which subsequently send the data items through the wireless channel. 4. Challenges in Mobile Databases This section discusses some challenges in mobile database environment. The general concept that has been outlined in this paper contains an enormous issue to investigate. However, due to the limitation of page, only a few numbers can be mentioned. Location management is an important issue in mobile database research. Since the number of user population carrying mobile devices increases linearly with the service demand, the communication traffic for locating users also increases accordingly. This situation requires an efficient strategy for location tracking and management. Location management is a very essential factor in providing context awareness services. Context security introduces a new issue to be considered. Since context information may contain a very confidential and private data. It is necessary to ensure privacy issue protection for every user in a network. Caching management strategy, which includes caching granularity, caching coherent issue, and caching replacement strategy, requires a thorough investigation. A good caching management strategy is able to analyse, predict, and adapt to changing of user’s context in order to assist user in performing tasks. As for processing issue, data caching in mobile databases enable clients to obtain a high computing speed as server, by involving a much smaller data items volume. The asymmetric communication in mobile environment has made it a better reason to employ caching strategy. Broadcast scheduling is another issue to investigate. Generally, the more number of data to be broadcast, the more requests will be served from the data broadcast and this will reduce the chance of mobile clients to send the request to the server. However, at a certain point the advantage of the broadcast data will be diminished if there is too many data in the roadcast cycle. Consequently, it will severely affect the query response time since mobile users have to wait for considerably long delay before they receive the desired data. Therefore, it is essential to decide what data to be broadcast that serves most of the requests since the query access pattern is changed dynamically. 5. Conclusions Recent emergence of w ireless technology enables people to conduct activities, business, or transactions anywhere and anytime without any attachment to stationary computer like used to be. Nomadic people are now able to access email, news, weather, and query to the central database server using wireless devices. Mobile database focuses on the query issue that is the dominant operation in mobile computing. Since mobile database is a new dimension of database application, the type of query, query processing strategy, and communication technology that involves in the application are different than what applies in traditional databases. We have defined query taxonomy as well as query processing strategy in mobile databases. Query in mobile databases are categorized into context-awareness query and ad-hoc query. Context- 63 awareness query is further classified into location dependent, context dependent, and hybrid query. Query processing in mobile databases includes mobile client, on air, and server strategy. Mobile client and on air strategy corresponds to caching strategy and broadcast strategy respectively. Finally, we discuss a few challenges that open enormous opportunities for research in mobile databases. 6. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ACHARYA S. , ALONSO R. , FRANKLIN M. AND ZDONIK S. Broadcast Disks: Data Management for Asymmetric Communication Environments, Proceedings of ACM Sigmod, pp. 199-210, May, 1995. BARBARA D. , Mobile Computing and Databases-A Survey, IEEE TKDE, 11(1):108-117, January/February, 1999. CAI Y. AND HUA K. A. , An Adaptive Query Management Technique for Real-Time Monitoring of Spatial Regions in Mobile Database Systems, 21st IEEE IPCCC, pp. 259-266, 2002. CHAN B. Y. , SI A. and Leong H. V. , Cache Management for Mobile Databases: Design and Evaluation, Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE), pp. 4-63, 1998. CHEN G. AND KOTZ D. , A Survey of Context-Aware Mobile Computing Research, Technical Report TR2000381, Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, November, 2000. EBLING R. M. , HUNT H. D. G. AND LEI H. , Issues for Context Services for Pervasive Computing, Proceedings of Middleware’01 Advanced Workshop on Middleware for Mobile Computing, Heidelberg, November, 2001. ELMASRI R. AND NAVATHE S. B. , Fundamentals of Database Systems, 3’rd Edition, Addison W. , U. S. A. , 2000. FRANKLIN J. M. , Challenges in Ubiquitous Data Management, Informatics, pp. 4-33, 2001. GODFREY P. AND GRYZ J. , Semantic Query Caching for Heterogeneous Databases, Proceedings of the 4th Knowledge Representation meets Databases Workshop (KRDB), pp. 61-66, April, 1997. 10. IMIELINSKI T. AND VISWANATHAN S. , Adaptive Wireless Information Systems, Proceedings of SIGDBS (Special Interest Group in Database Systems) Conference, pp. 19-41, October, 1994. 11. IMIELINSKI T. , VISWANATHAN S. AND BADRINATH B. R. , Data on Air: Organisation and Access, IEEE TKDE, 19(3): 353-371, May/June, 1997. 12. KOTTKAMP H. -E. AND ZUKUNFT O. Location-Aware Query Processing in Mobile Database Systems, ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 416-423, February, 1998. 13. KUBACH U. AND ROTHERMEL K. , A Map-Based Hoarding Mechanism for Location-Dependent Information, Proceedings of Second Mobile Data Management (MDM), pp. 145-157, January, 2001. 14. SCHILIT B. , ADAMS N. AND WANT R. , Context-Aware Computing Applications, Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, pp. 85-90, December, 1994. 15. WOLFSON O. , ET AL, Databases for Tracking Mobile Units in Real Time, Proceedings of ICDT’99, pp. 169186, 1998. 64

WW2 Timeline essays

WW2 Timeline essays Nov 11 - World War One ends with German defeat. April 28 - League of Nations founded. June 28 - Signing of the Treaty of Versailles. July 29 - Adolf Hitler becomes leader of National Socialist 'Nazi' Party. July 18 - Hitler's book "Mein Kampf" published. Sept 8 - Germany admitted to League of Nations. Oct 29 - Stock Market on Wall Street crashes. Sept 14 - Germans elect Nazis making them the 2nd largest political party in Germany. Nov 8 - Roosevelt elected President of the United States. Jan 30 - Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany. March 12 - First concentration camp opened at Oranienburg outside Berlin. March 23 - Enabling Act gives Hitler dictatorial power. See also - The Rise of Hitler - from Unknown to Dictator of Germany April 1 - Nazi boycott of Jewish owned shops. May 10 - Nazis burn books in Germany. In June - Nazis open Dachau concentration camp. July 14 - Nazi party declared only party in Germany. Oct 14 - Germany quits the League of Nations. June 30 - The "Night of the Long Knives." July 25 - Nazis murder Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss. Aug 2 - German President Hindenburg dies. Aug 19 - Adolf Hitler becomes Fhrer of Germany. March 16 - Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles by introducing military conscription. Sept 15 - German Jews stripped of rights by Nuremberg Race Laws. Feb 10 - The German Gestapo is placed above the law. March 7 - German troops occupy the Rhineland. May 9 - Mussolini's Italian forces take Ethiopia. July 18 - Civil war erupts in Spain. Aug 1 - Olympic games begin in Berlin. Oct 1 - Franco declared head of Spanish State. June 11 - Soviet leader Stalin begins a purge of Red Army generals. ...

legislation and its impact on early years practice Essays

legislation and its impact on early years practice Essays legislation and its impact on early years practice Essay legislation and its impact on early years practice Essay In this authorship, I intend to discourse statute law and its impact on early old ages pattern, with respects to staff and kids. I will besides touch on stereotyping and favoritism and associate this in with countries of statute law. Harmonizing to the Government Equalities Office, the Equality Bill was published in 2009 on the 27th of April. I so became an Act of Parliament in the twelvemonth 2010 on the 8th of April. From this the Equality Act so came into force on the 1st of October 2010. The Equality Act merges together nine different pieces of statute law into the one Act. This was done to do it easier for the jurisprudence and besides to reenforce the importance of prosecuting in ways to halt favoritism. ( The Government Equalities Office ) These are one of many Acts of the Apostless that have been brought out to assist convey alteration to those people whose socio-economic position is low. ( Particularly resilient kids as they are less deprived ) Socio-economic position ( SES ) means An person s or group s place within a hierarchal societal construction hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com/browse/socioeconomic+status SES has an impact on how people get on in life, as SES can depend on person s income, business, their instruction, where the unrecorded and their overall wellness. SES extremely interlinks with poorness. Harmonizing to The Child Poverty Action Group ( CPAG ) 25 % of kids in Scotland are presently populating in poorness. This greatly impacts kids because if their parents/carers do non hold sufficient money to provide for their kid, can ensue in their kid holding a hapless diet, hapless wellness, lack books/toys to excite larning which may ensue in being intimidation by other kids because they do non fit in, from this kids will hold low instances of self-pride and non desire to travel to school which consequences in truanting. Depending on where households live, this can hold an impact on a kid because if the household live in a rundown estate, where there are high degrees of force and offense so parents/carers may non let their kid to be go out and play which consequences in a deficiency of chances for out-of-door drama and active acquisition. Besides, if the kid s parents do non hold a occupation or they do non value instruction as of import so they may promote their kid to go forth school early. Children whose household income is low and their parents/carers can non afford to purchase them sufficient nutrient, apparels etc. these kids may be stereotyped by other kids. For illustration, because they do non fit in with the other kids so they may be classified as being the poor/dirty kids. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( UNCRC ) is a farther piece of statute law. On the 19th of April 1990 The UK signed the Convention, following the confirmation on the 16th of December 1991.The UNCRC was brought out to protect kids s rights, to help them in run intoing their basic demands and to maximize their chances in making their full potency. ( Convention on the Rights of the Child ) In the 54 articles, there are several which relate to the sex of the kid. Regardless of being a boy/girl, these articles were set out for all single kids, to supply every kid with equal chances and to do it just for every kid. Article 7 of the UNCRC emphasises how everyone should be treated the same regardless of sex, race, cultural background: the jurisprudence is the same for everyone ; it should be applied in the same manner to all Article 23 provinces: You have the right to work, to be free to take your work, to acquire a wage which allows you to back up your household. If a adult male and a adult female do the same work, they should acquire the same wage. All people who work have the right to fall in together to support their involvements . In some instances, gender roles/sex can be discriminated upon in work topographic points between a adult male and a adult female. For illustration, if the adult male has worked at that place longer, so he may be payed more to the adult female who has merely started. However, they both are making the same occupation. Harmonizing to Lindon ( 1998 ) many old ages ago men/boys were valued more than women/girls. This impacts staff in scenes because it has been said that grownups working with kids, behave in a different manner to a miss than they do to a male child. This is apparent as Lindon ( 1998 ) states that boys are more likely to be encouraged towards active physical behavior ( which is non needfully aggressive ) and grownups seem to digest more dominant or aggressive behavior in male childs before it is regarded as a job However, the UNCRC puts accent on equity and how every kid has equal chances. It is our function as pedagogues to promote all kids to see a broad scope of experiences irrespective of gender. Pigeonholing can besides happen with sex/gender functions as Lindon ( 1998 ) says that male childs may be told when they cry big male childs do nt shout or when a miss shouts person may state it s non nice to shout, you should be more ladylike . This is pigeonholing as everyone regardless of age, sex, race etc. have feelings. Gender functions impact staff as they have to supply kids in nurseries/schools with assorted resources for misss and male childs and non merely encouraging misss to the art country or male childs to the building but promoting all kids as persons to all countries of the nursery regardless of their gender. In decision it is clear to see that statute law impacts staff and kids in many ways. It is our function as pedagogues to value each and every kid as an single regardless of their age, gender, race, sex. Mentions J.Lindon ( 1998 ) Equal Opportunities in Practice Chapter 2. Good Practice with Boys and Girls Hodder and Stoughton CPAG in Scotland ( 2010 ) www.cpag.org.uk/scotland Assessed on: 29/10/10 Convention on the Rights of the Child: Way to the Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 2008 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unicef.org/crc/index_30197.html Accessed on: 31/10/10 Cultural Dictionary: Socioeconomic position ( SES ) ( 2010 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com/browse/socioeconomic+status Accessed on: 28/10/10 The Government Equalities Office, Equality Act 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.equalities.gov.uk/equality_act_2010.aspx Accessed on: 28/10/10 The Government Equalities Office: Equality Act 2010: What do I need to cognize? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.equalities.gov.uk/equality_act_2010/equality_act_2010_what_do_i_n.aspx Accessed on: 28/10/10

How to Ride the Euphemistic Treadmill

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The Presence of Clocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Introduction to Psycology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Who were the anasazi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Who were the anasazi - Essay Example This ancient Pueblo civilization remains mysterious. Their economic activity was farming, gathering and hunting, especially during famine occasioned by drought and cold weather. The Anasazi people sheltered in clay made pueblos. The pueblos mostly housed many families at a time as expanding an existent pueblo was more convenient compared to erecting a new one. They spoke different languages, including Tiwa, Tewa, Zuni, Keresan, and Hopi. They adorned clothing woven expansive frame looms and always made bracelets, earrings, necklaces, wood, turquoise and armbands. Their footwear included Moccasins, snowshoes and sandals (Hillerman pp25-27). Their religion was based on the belief in the significance of nature and its harmony with the universe. Vital religious practices involved observing the moon, stars, and sun. The Anasazi performed rituals and prayers to appreciate successful harvest and hunting. Clan classification was determined by female bloodline. Conventionally, Pueblo societies were matriclocal and matrilineal. They appreciated unity and rarely went into

Internship Report on Pricewaterhouse Coopers Research Paper

Internship Report on Pricewaterhouse Coopers - Research Paper Example epartment 1 Executive summary 2 Acknowledgment 3 Introduction 6 Company Background 6 Company Activity and Size 8 Organizational Chart of PwC Middle East 10 A SWOT analysis of PwC 11 Strengths: 11 Weaknesses 11 Opportunities 11 Threats 11 Vision 12 Mission 12 Marketing Strategy 13 Organizational competitive strategy 14 Job history 14 Conceptual framework 15 Global structure of PwC 15 Services offered by PwC Middle East 16 Consulting activities of PwC Middle East 16 Technical aspect of PwC Middle East 17 Evaluation of the internship experience (Form) 19 Summary of findings and recommendations 19 Conclusion 20 References 21 PwC (n.d.). PwC Middle East Corporate Responsibility Annual Report 2010 / 2011. Retrieved December, 20, 2011, fromhttp://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/crannualreport.jhtml 21 Introduction PwC is an internationally recognized company with numerous firms that are in partnership with it, with its many years in the field of accountancy, consultancy and even tax related issues it has proven to be one of the world’s most reliable firm. Their aim has been to support its clients in designing, managing and executing lasting beneficial change. Change management is an essential operation factor for any given company. In this regard, PwC’s diversity and dynamism over time is stronghold in the activities undertaken by the company. Globalization has impacted on many international firms, and so has it on PwC. The consistent process of converting the world into a global village has been realized through the contribution of many internationally competitive firms. The role played by PwC in that process cannot be ignored. Client welfare and success in the pursuit of the desired goals and objectives has been the primary line of business for PwC. Its major operations... The intention of this study is PwC as an internationally recognized company with numerous firms that are in partnership with it, with its many years in the field of accountancy, consultancy and even tax related issues it has proven to be one of the world’s most reliable firm. Their aim has been to support its clients in designing, managing and executing lasting beneficial change. Change management is an essential operation factor for any given company. In this regard, PwC’s diversity and dynamism over time is stronghold in the activities undertaken by the company. Globalization has impacted on many international firms, and so has it on PwC. The consistent process of converting the world into a global village has been realized through the contribution of many internationally competitive firms. The role played by PwC in that process cannot be ignored. Client welfare and success in the pursuit of the desired goals and objectives has been the primary line of business for Pw C. Its major operations are focussed on how effective the company meets the demands of its clients. Bringing affiliate firms on board has been a key driver of how well PwC manages its client base and operational portfolio. PwC is known to host most of the knowledgeable and experienced staff members that offer the necessary help one may require in handling complex financial accounting related issues, this may comprise matters such as share plans, valuations, pensions, listings, conversion of IFRS, corporate treasury functions and company secretarial functions.

Monotheism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Monotheism - Assignment Example D., â€Å"On Religion†). God, in Christian thought is conventionally described as a being that possesses omniscience, omnibenevolence and omnipotence. In other words, God knows everything, is perfectly good and has the power to do everything. Monotheism is the view that only one God exists such as Christianity, Judaism and Islam. On the other hand, Polytheism is the conviction in and worship of more than one God (dess). For example, there can be as few as two such as Zorozstian or an inestimably large amount, for example, in Hinduism. They all accept the fact that various Gods exist, however they differ in their responses to that God (Philip A. Pecorino, â€Å"Philosophy of Religion†). Religion dissimilarities are initiated in food, dress and family rituals as well as beliefs. These beliefs and practices may be personal and private; however they cannot be divorced from questions regarding morality and truth. Considering that one’s faith is accurate and behaving in ways that reflect this belief may be dissimilar in the presence of diversity than in its absence. In present day, people’s public discourse in regards to religion has turned out to be a society of schizophrenics. They normally say that they respect irrespective of their allegiance towards different Gods. However, religious hate crimes tend to occur along with misunderstanding amid people of different religions. Thus, there exist outbreaks of religious spirituality and chauvinism (Wuthnow, R., â€Å"America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity†).

Court Case against an Alleged Surface Water Polluter Brought Under Essay

Court Case against an Alleged Surface Water Polluter Brought Under Section 209 of the Water Resources Act (1991) - Essay Example The two Environment Agency (EA) Technical Officers observed and photographed the silt water that spreads across the half of the southern part of the controlled surface water of South Lake. The officers traced the source of the polluting discharge back to trenching excavations that were being carried out by the Ltd Company. The company was in the process of installing a new drinking main water supply for the rainy periods. The starting place of the silty water was the channel that was being dewatered through the pumping out of the water that had accumulated in the channel using an extractor pump (3inch). The conditions at the site were referred to as boggy by the defendant and the surrounding land was characterized as heather and scrubland on the sandy soil. It was then established that about 80,000 litres of water had been pumped to waste. The Environment Agency (EA) officers approached the sites manager and notified him of the offence and the consequences it will bring forth hence the likelihood of a court case. The Environment Agency (EA) officers observed that the silt was making its way by gravity which is 50-60m through a wooded area into a roadside ditch. Pollution discharge followed 170m alongside the B3430 road in the ditch through a silt trap into a 30m length of culvert; this Culvert discharged into Environment Agency (EA) controlled water (stream) which was flowing under the road and then some 370m into South Lake. A series of 5 tripartite samples were taken by the Technical Officers from the channel to the lake. The samples were taken in the way that has been prescribed by Water Resources Act. The samples included those from the pump; when the samples from the pump were taken, the pump was switched off. After collection of the samples, they were moved to the independent reference laboratories and the EA laboratory where an analysis was done and then presented for an independent analysis to the Ltd Company. Ltd Company was informed by the EA Area Pollution Control Manager that the analysis results suggested that an offence was committed and the papers were to be passed to the EA Solicitor for action to be taken in the local Magistrate’s Court. Pollutants The pollutants from the samples analyzed were suspended solids, ammoniacal - N, chloride, pH, BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), total oxidized nitrogen and orthophosphate. Each of the pollutant will be described and its effects indicated. Suspended Solids They are naturally found in water and in its excess they become harmful. The finest particles in the suspended solids cause most of the serious problems. Increase in the suspended solids in water makes the water look cloudy or turbid. When the water becomes cloudy, it limits sunlight reaching the aquatic plants. The effect on the aquatic plants is stunted growth. Fine suspended solids can clog the fish gills and destroy their respiration and that of other aquatic animals (Hill 2010, p245). Sediments can have differing physical and biological effects de pending on the form of the suspended solids. Suspended solids high value reduces the productivity of the systems by shading the macrophytes and algae.

Monotheism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Monotheism - Assignment Example D., â€Å"On Religion†). God, in Christian thought is conventionally described as a being that possesses omniscience, omnibenevolence and omnipotence. In other words, God knows everything, is perfectly good and has the power to do everything. Monotheism is the view that only one God exists such as Christianity, Judaism and Islam. On the other hand, Polytheism is the conviction in and worship of more than one God (dess). For example, there can be as few as two such as Zorozstian or an inestimably large amount, for example, in Hinduism. They all accept the fact that various Gods exist, however they differ in their responses to that God (Philip A. Pecorino, â€Å"Philosophy of Religion†). Religion dissimilarities are initiated in food, dress and family rituals as well as beliefs. These beliefs and practices may be personal and private; however they cannot be divorced from questions regarding morality and truth. Considering that one’s faith is accurate and behaving in ways that reflect this belief may be dissimilar in the presence of diversity than in its absence. In present day, people’s public discourse in regards to religion has turned out to be a society of schizophrenics. They normally say that they respect irrespective of their allegiance towards different Gods. However, religious hate crimes tend to occur along with misunderstanding amid people of different religions. Thus, there exist outbreaks of religious spirituality and chauvinism (Wuthnow, R., â€Å"America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity†).

The Glorious Revolution and British Industrialization Assignment - 1

The Glorious Revolution and British Industrialization - Assignment Example The judges’ salaries were paid by the King and so in disputes involving the crown and the wealth holders, the judiciary always favored the crown, thereby denying citizens their rights over their own property (North and Weingast, 1989, p.813). It was these restrictions on private property that eventually caused the decline of the crown and a political power rising over it in the form of the Parliament (North and Weingast, 1989, p.814). And this political power naturally promoted economy based on private property rights and markets, which became the major catalyst for the industrial revolution. After the Glorious Revolution, the right to impose taxes was exclusively vested with the Parliament (North and Weingast, 1989, p.816). The revenue eliciting devices of the King were reduced almost to nil, the crown was made to approach the Parliament for revenues, Parliament was given the right to audit the government, and the Parliament also came to command veto power over government expenditures (North and Weingast, 1989, p.816). It is also observed the hat this kind of institutional reforms gave higher control for wealth holders on the decisions of the government (North and Weingast, 1989, p.817). More economic freedom became incorporated into the laws (North and Weingast, 1989, p.818). Another positive step for better economic freedom was the establishment of an independent judiciary, not controlled by political forces and which enforced these new laws of economic freedom (North and Weingast, 1989, p.819). There was correspondingly an effort to regularize the structure of public finance (North and Weingast, 1989, p.820). Yet another important development was the emergence of the banking system (North and Weingast, 1989, p.825).

The external factors of up market Waitrose

The external factors of up market Waitrose This essay is going to analyze the external factors of up market Waitrose by competitive advantage (CA) of corporate strategy. it will particularly explain how Waitrose achieve integrate all the resources and competitive advantages into products achieve services value in external forces, according Waitrose recent strategies and explain how and why it will do so them from external forces. The Waitrose external forces include: Political, Economic, Socio Cultural and Technology. Background Waitrose Limited is an up market chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom and is the food division of the British retailer and worker co-operative the John Lewis Partnership. Its head office is in Bracknell, Berkshire, England as of June 2010, Waitrose had 228 branches across the United Kingdom and a 4.3% share of the market ¼Ã…’making it the 6th largest grocery retailer in the UK (Wikipedia 20110) Food sales are the core business of this supermarket, following the social and economy developing, more and more grocery markets have been set in the UK, Waitrose, Tesco, Sainsburys and ASDA, Together with Iceland, Somerfield and Waitrose these companies cost lots of money to get a great market share. Waitrose is operating supermarket in UK, it was founded in 1904 and owned by the John Lewis Partnership, it has operates 137 stores today, mostly sale foods in south-east of the UK, which in 2001 was estimated at  £103.4bn profit and currently employs more than 27.000 staff. It was a small to medium size and conveniently located supermarket. The 2001 turnover amounted to  £1.98bn, it was increase 13% than before, and pre-tax profits to 25.7 million expect decrease 15.7%, due to the purchase of 11 Kwik Save stores in 2000. Waitrose is recognized for its focused differentiation strategy targeting the up market with a wide range of quality and fresh products. (Prepared by andidas.com December 2002) When we looked back to the Political, Economic, Socio Cultural and Technology of Waitrose, they are all supporting by external strengths and opportunities, in the same time; it will achieve its benefit through the whole external value. Waitrose has specialized of wines, fresh food and delicatessen in the sales; they can be bought from special other counters. Waitrose has a high profit margin due to specially luxury goods. But some other products have positioned their own brand labels sell in the Supercenters, and it was bigger than the existing Waitrose stores, thus it was the threat comes from competing chain, but it will diversify the risk and increase the potential target market. Therefore this activity can offer their products at lower prices for economies of scale (Prepared by andidas.com December 2002) Discussion PEST Analysis Political Political was a key force to determined a company successful or not, Waitrose as a successful supermarket enter the peoples life. It will to make a peoples group often to buy some products from only one supermarket, it was a Trademark effects and is key point for the company. However, Waitrose was successful could not leave the result of stability of government. It could prove dangerous ground for politicians in the long term. Picking one supermarket brand over another could be an issue. Supermarket buyers tend to be tribal. People say they are Tesco people or Sainsburys shoppers. (08 April 2010 | By Ruth Mortimer) Therefore, most people who often buy the products from Waitrose; they would call themselves the Waitrose people in the future. In the political have four parts; they are GM-food, planning policy guidance (PPG), Competition Commission and EU Competition Law. GM-food was named genetically modified foods, they are foods derived from genetically modified organisms. Waitrose brand food has not permit use of GM food, or ingredients or additives. But Waitrose often use obtain food and food ingredients as the conventional brand, it was better than GM food. Waitrose never sell any GM food or food ingredients derived from GM crops under Waitrose brand. So any GM-food must be clearly labeled as required by law and products produced should be print material manufacturers brand Secondly; it is planning policy guidance (PPG). Waitrose was hard to get planning permission by shops for outside of city. Thus Waitrose was to unveiling plans for new shops. It was need an operative control of their ownership; Thus Waitrose always set more small stores in the same place. For example, Waitrose set out more than 13 stores in the London; they have large numbers convenience stores, in which to get a high market share; it was a great strategy in the market. The Government remains firmly committed to the objectives of PPG6, which seeks to sustain and enhance the vitality and viability of our existing city, town, district and local centers and to make them the focus for retail investment(*The Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) (2000) Waitrose is to buy 13 stores from the Co-operative Group and plans to open nine more stores in 2009, in a move that will create 4,000 new jobs.( By James Thompson Friday 16 January 2009) Thirty, the Competition Commission, more and more different companies supermarket enter the market; it was the competition by each others. It was not only to decrease price for products to get a high market share. Waitrose always control the products price and have good benefits for themselves, sometimes cooperation been necessary in the competition market, it was to increase the Comprehensive Strength by themselves; therefore, Waitrose add some more jobs with the cooperation deal was very good; Waitrose is to buy 13 stores from the Co-operative Group and plans to open nine more stores in 2009, in a move that will create 4,000 new jobs. The John Lewis Partnership-owned grocer said the conditional agreement to buy the Co-op stores, made possible by the latters acquisition of Somerfield, cleared by competition authorities yesterday will deliver 1,500 jobs. It then plans to open nine stores organically in 2009 will create another 2,500. (By James Thompson Friday 16 January 2009) Finally, Waitrose set a suitable policy should accommodate UK competition law. Economic Economic is an important force to decide companies development. Waitrose created a good market value before. The shoppers loved Waitrose because Waitrose have many prefect products enter the market. As the successful supermarket, Waitrose had prefect profits following development. The 2001, Waitrose have turnover amounted to ¿Ã‚ ¡1.98bn(+13%), pre-tax profits to 25.7bn(-15.7%, due to the purchase of 11Kwik Save store in 2000). Waitrose is recognized for its focused differentiation strategy targeting the up market with a wide range of quality and fresh products. (Environment fit analysis Waitrose report. December 2002) Recession-proof Following the economic crisis appears; most customers worry about the recession appears to be on the wane, more and more discount products enter the Waitrose. It was a method to make the customers back into Waitrose. And then Waitrose made the profit recovery or increase the profit to sales more seasonal food and drinks. Waitrose saw sales grow 10.2% in the 12 weeks to 9 August, according to the latest TNS World panel figures almost twice as fast as the grocery sectors average of 5.6%. The performance of Waitrose, part of John Lewis, was boosted by its Essentials range, aimed at luring value-conscious consumers away from the discount sector. (Waitrose sales grow as recession fears  fade. Recession 2009) Socio Cultural Waitrose was very carefully choice every food, because Waitrose objective was to achieve the products were healthy, and then Waitrose had special cultural pay an attention to the customers in the market. They are include suggest kind of recipes, healthy eating and weight lost for customers. Therefore, more and more customers love to buy products from Waitrose. And another important was Waitrose always to keep their food, drink and fresh, frozen food in every store. Waitrose had healthier choices offer delicious healthier alternatives to your favorite foods, being either lower in fat, saturated fat, sugar or calories. You can choose from warming meals such as chicken korma to everyday ingredients such as cream and cheese (Waitrose website) Waitrose be good at to understand customers need, and often to add their business module; for example Waitrose set up the website and free delivery to make the customer easy to buy anything in the home if they want. Waitrose often to consider direction for environment development, therefore Waitrose have a good conscious for environment. For example, Waitrose cross the marketing research, 70% staff will go shopping by car, so Waitrose always build a large and a good parking for the customers, in the parking fee part, Waitrose use a 1.5 hours parking for free if customers want to buy products in the Waitrose. it will increase the customers

Steroid Use in Professional Sports :: Athletics Drugs Papers

Steroid Use in Professional Sports For fans, the issue of steroid use in professional sports is one of growing concern. Professional athletes were once hailed as roll models for young Americans, now there is an asterisk next to many names once idolized. Is he legitimately getting bigger, faster, and stronger? Is he one of the league’s best, strictly due to his talent and work ethic alone? Or is he one of â€Å"those guys†? Maybe former NBA great, Charles Barkley, had it right when he said, â€Å"I am not a roll model.† But maybe, just maybe, these men and women have a responsibility to the kids who adore them to do the right thing; to compete at the highest level with absolute legitimacy in the way they go about doing it. Maybe they are roll models and because they are, they must conduct themselves in a way that is respectable and â€Å"right†. The problem of steroid use in professional sports is perpetuated because the current testing policies in such leagues as Major League Baseball are n ot strict or comprehensive enough to curb the benefits athletes gain from steroid use. They have sub-par policies and are conducting sub-par testing practices. Since we cannot count on the athletes themselves to rid the leagues of this problem, the leagues need to take steroids on and defeat it with stricter regulations. Testing of steroids is simply ineffective in professional sports and until something is done the negative influence it has upon America’s youth will continue to grow. Anabolic steroids, which can be taken as a pill or as an injection, are a derivative of and mimic the effects of the male sex hormone testosterone. Both men and women naturally produce testosterone, although women make very small amounts in comparison to men. Testosterone's role in the body is two-fold: first, it maintains the male reproductive system, including production and maintenance of the male sexual characteristics of a deeper voice, greater amounts of body hair, larger body size, and greater muscle mass. Second, for a short period of time at the onset of puberty in young men, testosterone production rises dramatically to stimulate the bulk of the male physical maturation process which leads to full bone growth, deepening voice, and growth of facial hair. It is this ability to promote muscle growth, increase lean body mass, and decrease body fat that entices teenagers to take anabolic steroids.